The Development of International Relations

INTRODUCTION This paper begins by extinctlining the definitions and what exactly is beggarlyt by world(prenominal)ist dealing. indorsemently, it tells the account of how and why the area of foreign relations emerged when it did, during the course of moderne annals.Even though, the history and the origins of this discipline alone does non reveal everything we need to know slightly how inter farmingal relations functions in this day and age, it certainly would help us to bringstairsstand the legacy left behind by this studys original purpose, foreign gains and calamities, and by its traditional schools of thought explanations starting from the cartridge clip of the Great Powers, to the french conversion, the first of the exclusivelyiances, the Industrial revolution, the ii cosmea struggles a grand with the consequent Cold skin, the formed supranational musical arrangements such(prenominal) as the fusion of Nations and the fall in Nations, and finally, to where international relations stands today.The final outcome of this paper is to pass water a detailed understanding on the readers mind on how international relations developed into what it at present is a science, or kinda a field of study during the course of the modern history, starting from the sixteenth century. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? foreign relations is a field of study that seeks to understand a intermixture of global issues, foreign affairs and the interactions of nations and states at bottom the international system. International relations draw upon its expertise from a variety of opposite fields such as social science, including geography, history, sociology, policy-making science, stintings, fair play, etcIt is whence a challenging field to master collectible to its both antithetical and complex nature. Strictly defined, the field of International Relations (IR) c oncerns the descents among the worlds governments. However, these so called worl ds governments or in other delivery nation states, alone cannot regulate the notwithstandingts taking place in international arena. They in fact are connected or kinda influenced by other actors, diagnosely, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) along with other social structures such as economics, cultural differences and ideology. Furthermore, the study of nternational relations has always been heavily influenced by normative considerations, such as the goal of reducing armed fight and increasing international cooperation. International relations are an exceptionally significant aspect of citizenship in a global society. As our world becomes little and smaller through communication technology, speedy air transportation and a complex international economy and interactions, the value of peaceful and cooperative relationships amongst nations is i ncreasingly important. HISTORY The concept of international relations on round level is probably quite an old, given that humanes have been pass watering governments and communication with each(prenominal) other for thousands of historic period.Aspects of international relations have been studied for thousands of years, since the while of Thucydides, but IR became a separate and definable discipline in the early 20th century. However, galore(postnominal) deal agree that international relations truly began to emerge around the 15th century the good morning of the modern era when people started exploring the world and interacting with other governments and cultures. THE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (1648) The modern international system is often dated from the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which open up the principles of indep lastent, sovereign stated that continue to shape the international system today. Many even consider this treaty, similarly knows as the peace of Westph alia as the birth of international relations as a field of study.The Treaty of Westphalia was a serial publication of peace treaties signed among May and October 1648 in Osnabruck and Munster, Ger many another(prenominal). These treaties winduped the 30 Years War (16181648) in the Holy Roman pudding stone, and the Eighty Years War (15681648) mingled with Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the indep finish upence of the Dutch Republic. These treaties final resulted from a big diplomatical assembly, thus initiating a new system of political order in central europium, betwixt the Hapsburg alliance (Austria-Hungury and Spain) and the Protestant countries (France, Britain, Sweden). subsequently it was called by many parties as the Westphalian sovereignty. The key factor to this ystem was the ability of one state to residual the motive of another state so that it could not obtain designer of smaller units and create a universal empire, thereby formin g a relationship between the many nations within the European terrain. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789 1799) The french Revolution (17891799), was a plosive speech sound of drastic social and political tumult in France and one that had a major impact not precisely on France but in any case throughout the stick of Europe. The absolute monarchy that had control France for centuries collapsed within a mere three year period. However, 5 directors established control of the French state in 1795 and held big businessman until 1799, when it was re determined by the Consulate under Napoleon Bonaparte. Meanwhile, by the nearing end of the 18th century Britains power multiplied due to industrialization along with its rival at the time, France.What was once the great powers in Europe and the adjacent terrain were by this era commencement ceremony to decline, namely Sweden, Netherlands and the Ottoman pudding stone. Nevertheless, nations such as Russia and then followed by Prussia (the herald of modern-day Germany) also developed in to major players or sooner great powers. THE NAPOLEANIC WARS (1803 1815) The Napoleonic Wars (18031815) were a series of wars declared against Napoleons French Empire by opposing coalitions. The underlying causes for these Napoleonic Wars took place due to many reasons. For one thing, the French Revolution inspired a desire among the French to export the ideals of freedom, equality and union. As a result, neighboring monarchs, especially the British Empire, found this very flagellumening.Napoleon happened to be both brilliant and energetic in defending the state from its enemies. Eventually, the dynamics of war and the changes in revolutionary notion made Napoleon King of France and the territories he had conquered. Now he became a different kind of menace as he wanted to notice his popularity and control in France through conquest of neighboring states. Thereby France, a single, very in good order European state was regarded as a threat to world stability and had to be put down. One way or the other France was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by an alliance of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Prussia.Nevertheless, Europes supreme, the British empire realizing the threat that another challenging nation (the Napoleons empire) could bring upon, and thusly established an alliance with spouse European nations in 1815 named as the social intercourse of Vienna. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814 1815) The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian national leader and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. This is to date considered as one of the first the most prominent alliances, or a series of relations between nations in the history of international relati ons. THE CONCERT OF europium (1815 1914)The Convert of Europe was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of gentlemans gentleman War I (1914). Its founding powers were Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the fall in acres, the particles of the Quadruple league which was responsible for the downfall of the initial French Empire. However, in time France was established as a fifth part member of the concert. The Concert of Europe, however, is closely connected to the congress of Vienna. It was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the beginning of the graduation orbit War. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760 1830) The term Industrial Revolution is ordinarily reserved for a set of events that took place in Britain roughly from 1760 to 1830.The historic events in question consisted of a set of technological, economic, and social changes that in the long run revolutioniz ed not just the British economy but that of the rest of Western Europe, North America, and eventually much of the rest of the world. For Instance, The industrial Revolution sparked in Britain with the invention of the steam engine in 1769. Wooden journey ships were discontinued in production. Instead, the manufacturing of larger and fast coal powered straighten out steamships took its place. These accomplishments put Britain as the leading role in worlds economy along with two other competitors USA from the west japan from East.These maturements in the fields of marine, road going and rail roads not only increased the world production and trade but also tied distant locations more closely together more faster and more economically. Furthermore, Britain dominated world trade in this period due to its advancement in technology was way above par at the time. Thus, it products met massive competition and as a result British indemnity tend to favor free trade. The get together Sta ted nevertheless overtook the British in terms of economy by the end of the 19th century, despite the fact that they suffered greatly during the great depression. However the United States governments role in the economy intensified during globe War II.By the dawn of the 20th century not only the British but also the United States and Japan were in the process of selling their merchandise in foreign land, and this to economically, industrially and socially influenced the field of international relations immensely. THE both WORLD WARS (1900 1950) The twentieth century saw the lights of two unfortunate World Wars. World War I took place during 1914 to 1918 and World War II, during the period of 1939 to 1945, together occupying a decade of the 2 maiden century. Unlike a schematic war between two nations these two world wars were global or hegemonic wars in which almost all major states participated in an all out struggle over the approaching of the international system. WORLD WAR I (1914 1918)World War I was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. This war is one which symbolizes the tragic irrationality of war. It was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until the start of World War II in 1939, and the depression World War or World War I thereafter. It tortuous all the worlds great powers. It involves the almost all the worlds great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the key Powers (originally centered around the Triple Alliance of Germany,Austria-Hungary and Italy but, as AustriaHungary had taken the sick against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). Although the participating great powers made plans for a quick, ill-scented and speedy victory what has been called the cult of offensive, the war was n either short nor decisive. In fact scholars i ndicate it was a catastrophic war that was unnecessary and possibly even accidental. Russia happened to be the first nation state to crumble as Revolution at home made it go to bed from war in 1917. The revolution eventually let to the founding of the Soviet compass north. Further, the entry of the United States on to the war turned the tables upside down for Germany.The Triple Alliance was consequently defeated by the United Kingdom, France and Russia which saw the end of the 1st World War. THE TREATY OF VERSALLIES (1919) The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the assort Powers. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (which was a reason for the occurrence of the world war). At the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was hugd to give up territory, pay reparations, limit its future armaments and most importantly admit to guilt of the war, while the other profound Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.Even thought the treaty was agreed upon, the German resentment against the bitter terms of the Versaillian treaty would contribute to the German aggression in the mid(prenominal) 1930s and later on on, during the course of World War II. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1920 1946) Witnessing the inhumane companionship in World War I, at the time US president, Woodrow Wilson, along with other idealistic mindsets placed their hopes for peace in the fresh formed conference of Nations. The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, and SDN in its other official languages), was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose primary and principal mission was to maintain world peace.Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included holding wars throug h collective security and disarmament, and cave in international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. Yet, the League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, or submit an army when needed. However, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League eventually proved incapable of preventing aggression by the axis vertebra powers in the 1930s.Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain and others. The onset of World War II showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The United Nations or the UN (which would be discussed later on) replaced it after the end of the war and inherited a number of agencies and organizations founded by the League. WORLD WAR II (1939 1945) World War II, or the Second World War was a global war that was underway by 1939 and ended in 1945. It involved a vast majority of the worlds nations including all of the great powers eventually forming two opposing phalanx alliances the Allies (U. S. Britain, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, mainland China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria). It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people serving in army units. In a state of total war, the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and array resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass closing of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in 50 million to over 70 mill ion fatalities. These deaths make World War II by far the deadliest conflict in all of human history.Even though, the Empire of Japan was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany, and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and most of the countries of the British Empire. Germany therefore set out to establish a large empire in Europe. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or subdued much of continental Europe. Later on however, the nominally neutral Soviet Union fully or partially invaded, occupied and annexed territories of its six European neighbors, including Poland. As a result the United Kingdom remained the only major force continuing the fight against the Axis, with battles taking place in North Africa as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic.In June 1941, the European Axis launched an invas ion of the Soviet Union, giving a start to the largest land theatre of war in history, which tied down the major part of the Axis military forces for the rest of the war. In declination 1941, the Empire of Japan, which aimed to dominate East Asia and Indochina, joined the Axis, attacked the United States and European territories in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the West Pacific. The advancement of the Axis nations were stopped in 1942, after Japan lost a series of marine battles and German troops were defeated in North Africa and followed by, at Stalingrad. In 1943, with a series of German defeats in Eastern Europe, the Allied invasion of fascist Italy, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts.Meanwhile in 1944, the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial reserve losses and invaded Germany and its allies. The war in Europe ended with the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops a nd subsequently the Germans fell into surrender on 8 May 1945. After two ruin nuclear attack n Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the war in Asia ended on 15 idealistic 1945 when the Empire of Japan agreed to surrender. Thereby, victory of the Ally nations over the Axis in 1945 ended the conflict. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. THE UNITED NATIONS (1945 Present) The United Nations was established to come on international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.The great powers that were the know as victors in the war nations such as the United States, Soviet Union, China, United Kingdom & France became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations is in fact an international organization whose original aims were regard to facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. Founded in 1945 after World W ar II it went to replace the League of Nations, in hopes to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. So far the United Nations has been booming in preventing a ordinal World War, which otherwise would probably mean nuclear warfare & consequent destruction of the world.Furthermore, the United Nations proclaims to consist of 193 member states, which includes every sovereign state in the world with the exception of Vatican City. Nevertheless, this forming of this organization is known to be the biggest and the most successful alliance between nations in the history of International Relations. THE COLD WAR (1945 1889) The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, creating a bipolar world and setting the pose for the Cold War. The cold war lasted for the next 46 years and each of them had its own ideology, its collection of alliances, third world consumers and a deadly armory of nuclear weapons.Meanwhile, the influence of European gr eat powers started to decline, while the decolonization of Asia and Africa began. about countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to stabilize post war relations between familiar spirit nations. In addition, the United States forged NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), a military alliance using suppression of communism and encouraging capitalism as a main strategy in 1949, while the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Some countries aligned with either of these 2 superpowers, whilst others chose to remain as Non-Aligned Movement.The Cold War was named likewise as it never featured direct military action, since both sides possessed nuclear weapons, and its use would result in mass destruction. However these two parties third world allies fell victim to s streak of devastating wars, namely, the Korean War (19501953), the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, t he Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Vietnam War (19591975), the Yom Kippur War (1973), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (19791989), the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines escape 007 (1983), and the Able Archer NATO military exercises (1983). However, by 1991 the cold war came to an end as the Soviet Union collapsed and reformed in to 12 different states.In the 1980s, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In 1991 occurred the collapse of the Soviet Union, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, and leaving behind a resulting uni-polar world. Nevertheless, the Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy, a huge impact and a rather solid attitude towards the functions of International Relations. The aftermath of Cold War conflict, however, is not always easily erased, as many of the economic and social tensions that were p ut-upon to energize Cold War competition in move of the trine World remain sensitive.In Eastern Europe, the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth while in other parts of the world, such as Afghanistan, independence was accompanied by state failure. image OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TODAY The place setting of international relations has greatly expanded in modern times. Initially international relations bear on only upon the study of contemporary foreign affairs with a come across to draw certain lessons. Later on emphasis began to be displace on the study of both foreign affairs and international law and international relations began to be studied within the framework of international law. The field of the study of international relations was further widened with the establishment of the League of Nations after the First World War and the study of international organizations and institutions.The scope of international relations in the post World War II p eriod got further widened due to significant changes which took place, with the emergence of USA and USSR as two superpowers the entry of a large number of non-European states into the society of nations the threat and danger of nuclear warfare increasing interdependence of states and rising expectations of the people in the under developed third world, etc CONCLUTION It is in this way quite evident that world history, especially modern world history plays a major role in the development of International Relations as a field of study. Although initial events indicate that war held prominence in international affairs, things were prone to change with the spark of the industrial era and the rapid globalization of the world economy.It is also evident that greater importance began to be placed on scientific study of international relations, which led to development of new methodologies and introduction of new theories in the study of international relations. It is therefore in this way quite clear that all in the upstart past, the present and in the future, the scope of International Relations will be thoroughly important for the functions carried out in the international arena. 2 . Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations, Sixth Edition. Pearson Education Inc. and Dorling Kindersley create Inc. 2005 29 3 . Columbia cyclopaedia international relations 4 . Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations, Sixth Edition.Pearson Education Inc. and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc. 2005 53 5 . Principles of the State System. Faculty. unlv. edu. Retrieved 2012-09-11. 6 . Bloy, Marjie. The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 8 June 1815. The Victorian Web. 2009 7 . Dockrill, Michael. Atlas of the Twentieth Century World History. NY Harper Collins, 1991. Ferguson, Niall. The pity of war Explaining World War I. NY Basic, 1999 8 . Willmott, H. P. World War I, New York Dorling Kindersley Inc. 2003 27 9 . The Triple Entente was the name given to the alliance be tween France, Britain, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on August 31, 1907.The alliance of the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Portugal and Japan, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance. 10 . Bade, Klaus J Brown, Allison (tr. ) (2003), Migration in European History, The making of Europe, Oxford Blackwell (translated from the German). 11 . Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations, Sixth Edition. Pearson Education Inc. and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc. 2005 53 12 . Covenant of the League of Nations. The Avalon Project. Retrieved 30 August 2011. 13 . Jahanpour, Farhang. The Elusiveness of Trust the experience of Security Council and Iran (PDF). Transnational Foundation of Peace and Future Research. p. 2. Retrieved 27 June 2008. 14 .Barrett, David P Shyu, Lawrence N (2001). China in the anti-Japanese War, 19371945 politics, culture and society. Volume 1 of Studies in modern Chinese history. New York Peter Lang. 1 5 . superior general Assembly of the United Nations Rules of Procedure. UN Department for General Assembly. Retrieved 15 December 2010. 16 . Milestones in United Nations History. Department of Public Information, United Nations. Retrieved 17 July 2008. 17 . Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations, Sixth Edition. Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc. 2005 67 18 . Cold War, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cold_War